FM Synthesis: The Beginner’s Guide to Crazy Sounds (2024)

fm synthesis

FM synthesis might sound like a scary topic to you. Or you might think that it’s only good for those Brostep bass growls.

However, FM synthesis is an essential building block of sound design. And although it might seem overwhelming initially, it doesn’t have to be that way.

This is why we’ve made this guide for you! Together we’ll run through:

  • What FM synthesis is
  • How it differs from other forms of synthesis like subtractive and wavetable synthesis
  • The basic parameters when working with FM synthesis
  • How to design your very first sounds

Let’s dive in! πŸ‘‡

New to music production? πŸ§‘β€πŸ’»

Watch our Free Masterclass on how to learn electronic music production the smart way (without months of confusion & frustration) πŸ‘‡

What is FM Synthesis? πŸ€”

FM synthesis stands for Frequency Modulation Synthesis.

As the name suggests, it’s a “form of sound synthesis whereby the frequency of a waveform is changed by modulating its frequency”.

As you probably know, the frequency of a waveform is what determines its pitch:

waveforms with different frequencies

In this example, the waveform on the left will translate into a lower pitch than the second waveform.

However, waveforms can have a second purpose. Instead of being perceived as sound, they can be used to modulate parameters.

If you’ve played with the LFO section of any synth, you know what I’m talking about. Let’s look at a quick example:

assign an LFO to a filter in Vital
Routing an LFO in Vital

I have a sine wave playing in OSC 1. Then, I use a triangle waveform in LFO 1 to modulate the cutoff of Filter 1. This is what it sounds like:

Instead of using the triangle to generate sound, I use it to modulate a parameter. In this case, the cutoff of my filter is changing over time according to that triangle waveform. This is the concept behind LFOs.

Now, what if we use the same principle to modulate the frequency of OSC 1? That’s the fundamental principle behind FM synthesis.

Essentially, we use a waveform to module the frequency of another waveform. We can even cascade this, with multiple waveforms modulating each other. This can create quite insane results… but more on that later πŸ˜‰

In 1974, Yamaha developed its first FM digital synthesizer prototype. It went on to release it commercially as the Yamaha GS-1 in 1980:

The Yamaha GS-1 released in 1980
The Yamaha GS-1 released in 1980

Yamaha then went on to release the DX7, one of the most popular FM synthesizers:

The Yamaha DX7
The Yamaha DX7

Fun fact: the DX7 was actually the first fully-digital synthesizer!

FM synthesis is often described as having a more “metallic” or “glassy” sound than other forms of synthesis.

What’s the Difference between FM Synthesis and Other Types of Synthesis? 🎹

It’s quite easy to get lost in the world of sound synthesis. So before diving further, let’s do a quick recap on what separates FM synthesis from the rest.

Wavetable synthesis uses morphing oscillator waves to create sounds. It has become a cornerstone of modern music production. It’s what synths like Serum and Vital are based on:

A wavetable in Serum
A wavetable in Serum

Wavetables store different frames, allowing you to scroll from one wave to the next. This creates a feeling of movement in your sound.

Subtractive synthesis on the other hand is a form of synthesis where parts of a signal rich in harmonics are attenuated with a filter.

By filtering out certain frequencies, you are able to sculpt the sound to your liking:

Filtering out harmonics with a low-pass filter
Filtering out harmonics with a low-pass filter

Finally, granular synthesis uses audio samples instead of waveforms to generate sound.

It slices up those samples into “grains”, rearranging them rapidly into changing patterns:

Using Fruity Granulizer for granular synthesis
Using Fruity Granulizer for granular synthesis

It produces a sound that can be very glitchy, making it popular in genres such as Glitch Hop, Neurofunk, and IDM.

By the way, we have full guides on wavetable, subtractive and granular synthesis πŸ˜‰

The Basics of FM Synthesis 🧐

Now that we know what FM synthesis is, let’s see how it works under the hood. As mentioned, the basic principle of FM Synthesis is “oscillators modulating other oscillators”.

But there’s a bit more to it than that – so let’s dive deeper πŸ‘‡

By the way, I’ll be using Vital for all of these examples. It’s free and awesome and you should definitely grab it.

FM Synthesis Terminology πŸ“–

The world of FM synthesis uses specific terminology to describe the whole process. So let’s go over some of the key terms you need to know.

Firstly, the oscillators used to generate and modulate sound are called operators.

That’s why Ableton Live’s FM synth is called… Operator πŸ˜… You’ll also see the term “operator” in FL Studio’s Sytrus:

Operators in FL Studio's Sytrus
Operators in FL Studio’s Sytrus

The operator used to actually generate the sound is called a carrier.

But if the operator is used to modulate a sound, then it’s called… a modulator!

A screenshot of the synth Vital
Here, the LFO would be the modulator, and OSC 1 the carrier.

The specific order of carriers and modulators and how they interact is referred to as the algorithm.

Finally, the ratio (or harmonic ratio) is the relationship between the frequencies of the operators.

For example, a wave at 440 Hz modulated by a wave at 880 Hz is a ratio of 2:1. This is what determines if our sound will be harmonic or inharmonic. Or in other words, if it sounds musical or not.

Wanna design your first FM sounds straight away? Check out our video down here πŸ‘‡

Creating your first FM patch 😎

Next, let’s look at how to create our first FM patch. If you haven’t yet, make sure you’ve downloaded Vital to follow along.

We are going to start with a basic sine wave in OSC1.

Next, load up another sine wave in OSC2 and turn the level all the way down:

choosing oscillators in Vital

Next, under the Phase section of OSC1, select “FM OSC 2”:

routing an oscillator as an FM modulator

Congratulations, you just created your first FM sound!

OSC 2 is now modulating the frequency of OSC 1. You can control the amount of modulation happening with the Amount knob. This will result in different sounds:

With no frequency modulation
With frequency modulation

We can refine the sound a bit more by applying some envelope shaping. I am going to draw the following shape in ENV 1 and apply it to the FM amount:

routing an envelope to the frequency modulation amount

This gives me a more “plucky” sound:

New to music production? πŸ§‘β€πŸ’»

Watch our Free Masterclass on how to learn electronic music production the smart way (without months of confusion & frustration) πŸ‘‡

A quick word on Ring and Phase modulation ❗

Along your FM synthesis journey, you might come across the terms Ring Modulation and Phase Modulation. Let’s quickly go over them to avoid any confusion.

Phase Modulation (or PM) is essentially the same thing as Frequency Modulation (FM).

Although the science behind it is slightly different, you can think of them as identical.

Frequency or Phase Modulation
Frequency or Phase Modulation

Ring Modulation on the other hand combines two audio signals to create an entirely new sound. The resulting output signal will be a combination of these two frequencies.

Ring Modulation
Ring Modulation

Although they are different, Frequency and Ring modulation work on very similar concepts. That’s why you’ll find both options in Vital:

the different types of modulation available in Vital

In Vital, you can choose Frequency or Ring Modulation from any other oscillator or sampler. For the purpose of this guide, you can experiment with both to achieve different results 😊

FM Synthesis: Design Your First Sounds

Now that we understand how FM synthesis works, let’s start designing our first sounds! I’ll be referring a lot to LFOs here, so make sure you’ve checked out our guide on the topic here πŸ”₯

The Bass Growl 🦁

For this sound, we are going to load up the following waveforms into OSC 1 and 2:

choosing waveforms in Vital

Next, set the Level of OSC 2 to 0, and select FM OSC 2 in the Phase section of OSC 1. Our sine wave is now modulating the frequency of OSC 1!

This is what it sounds like:

Next, set the Phase Randomization to 0 on both oscillators. Enable Filter 1 and set it to a high-pass filter. Now, enable LFO 1 and drag it to the cutoff and the resonance of Filter 1:

routing an LFO to a filter in Vital

You can also drag LFO 1 to the level of OSC 1, and change its shape slightly:

changing the shape of an LFO in Vital

This is what you should have now:

Getting closer!

Next, we are going to use OSC 3 as our sub.

Set OSC 3 to a square wave, and apply LFO 1 to its level. Route it directly to Filter 2 and set it to a low-pass like such:

setting a low-pass filter in Vital

Finally, make sure to route LFO 1 to the amount of frequency modulation on OSC 1.

And that’s it!

We can do the usual post-processing with chorus, compression, and distortion to get a more aggressive sound.

You can also switch between waveforms in OSC 1 to get different results:

OSC 1 set to Acid Rock
OSC 2 set to Additive Squish 2

If you want a more in-depth look at how to create this and other cool bass sounds, check out our full guide here!

The Frozen Pad ❄️

Next, let’s look at how to create some awesome pads with FM synthesis. This is the sound we are going to design:

Beautiful 😍

To start off, let’s set our oscillators. We are going to choose the following:

  • OSC 1: Sine wave
  • OSC 2: Acid Rock
  • OSC 3: Sine Wave
  • SMP: Pink Noise

Set the levels of both OSC 2 and 3 to zero. These are going to be our modulators. Drop OSC 2 by 12 semitones.

Next, we are going to set OSC 1 to be modulated by OSC 2, and OSC 2 by OSC 3:

routing two different FM modulations in Vital

Now for some movement… We are going to assign some LFOs! In LFO 1, draw in the following shape:

changing the shape of an LFO in Vital for FM synthesis

Make sure to set the frequency quite low compared to your project. We want to create some slow, evolving sounds here!

Next, assign this LFO to as many parameters as you want. Here are some examples:

  • FM amount of OSC 1 and 2
  • The cutoff frequency of Filter 1 and 2
  • OSC 2 frame selection
  • Amount of reverb mix

In this example, I’ve set Filter 1 to a low-pass, and Filter 2 to a high-pass. OSC 1 is routed only to Filter 1, and the SMP to Filter 2:

usign filters in Vital for FM synthesis

I’ve also added some reverb and delay.

Finally, draw in a “pad-like” envelope in ENV 1:

drawing a pad-like envelope in Vital for FM synthesis

You might need to play a bit with the amount of FM modulation. FM synthesis can be quite aggressive, so just a small amount is often enough.

enabling FM modulation in Vital

The Jump Up Lead 🀸

Finally, let’s have a look at how to design a Jump Up Lead!

While this sound is particularly popular within drum and bass, it can be imported into any genre.

First, set OSC 1 to a sine wave, and drop it down 3 octaves. Next, set OSC 2 to something resembling a sine wave. You can pick whatever you want and switch it out later.

Turn the level of OSC 2 all the way down, and set OSC 1 to be modulated by the frequency of OSC 2:

setting the waveforms in Vital for FM synthesis

Next, draw the following shape in LFO 1:

drawing an LFO in Vital for FM synthesis

Drag it to both the level of OSC 1 and the Frequency Modulation amount. Enable Filter 1, set it to a high-pass, and assign LFO 1 to the cutoff. For now, you should have something like this:

The wavetable you pick for OSC 2 has a big impact on your final sound. So you might need to experiment a bit.

Play around with the amount of LFO on each knob as well.

Next, enable the SMP and set it to white noise. Send it to Filter 2 only, and assign LFO 1 to the level:

assigning an LFO in Vital for FM synthesis

Now for some post-processing! First off, I’m going to set some multiband compression and distortion:

applying some compression and distortion in Vital

Note that I have assigned LFO 1 to both the drive and cutoff frequency of the distortion. This gives me a nice crunchy sound:

Finally, we are going to round this off with a bit of EQ’ing and filtering:

applying some EQ and filtering in Vital

Again, LFO 1 is assigned to the cutoff of both the EQ and the filter. And that’s about it!

Playing with the amount of LFO will vastly change the sound you get. So once you have the basic setup in place, feel free to experiment to achieve new sounds.

New to music production? πŸ§‘β€πŸ’»

Watch our Free Masterclass on how to learn electronic music production the smart way (without months of confusion & frustration) πŸ‘‡

FM Synthesis in Different Synths πŸŽ›οΈ

So far, we’ve looked at FM synths exclusively inside of Vital. However, you may not use Vital. Maybe you’re on Serum or Massive?

If that’s the case, read on – we’re going to look at the most popular synths out there and how to set them up for FM synthesis!

FM Synthesis in Serum

Firstly, let’s look at Serum, one of the most popular wavetable synths:

Serum synth
Serum synth

To set up FM synthesis, load up two wavetables (or basic waveforms) in OSC A and OSC B.

Next, turn the volume of OSC B all the way down.

This is because we are only using OSC B to modulate the frequency of OSC A. Next, under the Warp menu of OSC A, select “FM (from B)”. This means our OSC B is now modulating the frequency of OSC A!

Setting up FM synthesis in Serum
Setting up FM synthesis in Serum

Now, the more you turn up the dial, the more FM you get! You can then play with the shape of OSC B, its octave and other parameters to affect the tone of OSC A.

Note that when you use basic waveforms with sudden jumps in phase (like a square or a saw), you will get clicks. So it’s usually best to either stick to a sine wave, or use super complex wavetables to modulate.

FM Synthesis in Massive

We’ve looked at how to do FM synthesis in Vital and Serum, now let’s look at Massive.

FM Synthesis in Massive
FM Synthesis in Massive

Introduced in 2007, Massive proved to be a game-changer in the sound design world. At the time, it completely revolutionized bass music.

To set up FM synthesis in Massive, enable the Modulation OSC by clicking on its on/off button. To the right, choose the type of modulation you want. In our case, this would be Phase. Even though Phase Modulation and Frequency modulation are not strictly identical, they achieve the same effect.

Note that you can only frequency modulate one oscillator (either OSC 1, 2 or 3).

To enable FM synthesis, simply click select the oscillator you want to modulate, and turn the Phase up:

FM Synthesis in Massive
FM Synthesis in Massive

You can play with the pitch of the modulation oscillator to achieve different tones. However, you cannot change the shape of the modulation oscillator (which is set by default to a sine wave).

FM Synthesis in Massive X

Next, let’s look at how to set up FM synthesis in Massive X:

FM Synthesis in Massive X
FM Synthesis in Massive X

In Massive X, FM synthesis is generated with the PM knobs. PM stands for Phase Modulation, and as we’ve already explored, you can consider it as equivalent to Frequency Modulation.

Underneath the two main oscillators are the modulation oscillators.

These can switched from Sine to Triangle as well as other variations. For example, to enable FM for OSC 1, simply turn on PM1, then select the waveform you want and turn up the PM1 dial:

Enabling FM synthesis
Enabling FM synthesis

Congrats, you’ve got an FM patch! In Massive X, you can even use two different modulators on the same oscillator by enabling both PM1 and PM2. And by playing with the ratio to the left, you can shape the tone to your liking.

By the way, we have a full guide on Massive X and how it compares to Massive over here πŸ˜‰

FM Synthesis in Phase Plant

Next, let’s look at FM synthesis in Phase Plant:

Phase Plant synth
Phase Plant synth

In Phase Plant, the most straightforward way to create an FM patch is with an LFO.

Firstly, load up the oscillator you want to modulate (in this case, let’s just pick an analog sine wave). At the bottom of Phase Plant, load up an LFO. Route the LFO to the pitch of your oscillator:

FM synthesis in Phase Plant
FM synthesis in Phase Plant

Increase the amount of modulation and the rate of the LFO, and you’ve got yourself an FM sound!

Another method is to load two different oscillators. For example, 2 sine waves. We can then tell the second sine wave to modulate the frequency of the first one:

Modulating the frequency of OSC 1 with OSC 2
Modulating the frequency of OSC 1 with OSC 2

Note that the second sine wave does not have an output envelope. This way, it will not output any sound, and simply serve to modulate the frequency of our first sine wave.

From here, you can play with the Harmonic ratio of the carrier to create different tones.

That’s it for FM Synthesis! πŸ™

Hopefully, you will now have a better grasp of FM synthesis and its potential.

If you want to improve your overall sound design techniques, make sure to check out our Breakthrough Sound Design course!

Did I miss out on anything? Feel free to reach out to me over at [email protected]

Want to finish your next song in days, not months? Grab the 7 Day Song Finishing System today for just $97 $27.

HEY! WANT A FREE GUIDE ON MAKING ELECTRONIC MUSIC? πŸ‘‡

Enter your email below and get the guide (read by over 50,000 producers) along with two bonus resources.

Β 

We’ll also send you awesome electronic music production tips (that you can unsubscribe from at any time). We do not sell or share your information.

Get instant access to our free video training

Learn how to master the fundamentals of electronic music production with the best roadmap for new producers